Werckmeister Harmonies

Werckmeister harmóniák
a film by Béla Tarr adapted from the novel The Melancholy of Resistance by László Krasznahorkai.

The population of a desolate provincial town on the Hungarian plain await the arrival of a circus that features the stuffed carcass of a whale and a mysterious Prince. Its appearance disturbs the order of the populace, unleashing a torrent of violence and beauty.

We first meet János Valuska in a bar at closing time where he choreographs three of the inebriated patrons in a ballet of the earth's orbit of the sun and the moon's orbit of the earth. At a precise point he freezes his actors to describe a total eclipse of the sun. How the world and all its creatures pause in momentary fear of the sudden cold darkness until the warmth of the sun again floods the earth. He demonstrates a disturbing but temporary dark moment that emerges from a natural order. In this scene, surprisingly profound, amusing and beautiful all at the same time, we gain a first insight into the personality of this gentle, caring and innocent character with the childlike sense of wonder.

Next we follow János as he walks through the dark streets to the house of György Eszter, a distinguished musicologist and intellectual, now elderly and infirm, whom János helps and looks after on a daily basis. György is determined to prove that the order imposed on sound by the Werckmeister Harmonies, a disruption of the natural order to broaden the musical range, is false and that only the purer natural scale is truth – a recurrent theme throughout the story, highlighting the contrast and values between a natural order and an imposed man-made order.

After helping Uncle Gyuri into bed, János then sets off to work at the sorting office. On his way there he watches the arrival into town of a tractor pulling an enormous corrugated shed inside of which is a stuffed whale, the world's largest, and the poster advertising this attraction says that a Prince accompanies the whale. But apprehension and fear are spreading through the town and already the social order is beginning to break down. With the onset of winter there is a shortage of coal; there are growing mountains of frozen rubbish everywhere; entire families mysteriously disappear. Hundreds of strangers are said to have arrived on the train because of the whale and the Prince – a mutant whose godless speeches incite hatred, violence and disharmony. Already, looting has taken place and people are now afraid to leave their homes.

At daybreak János makes his way to the market square where the circus trailer containing the whale is parked. A large crowd of men, sinister and menacing in their silence, have already gathered there, standing around the square in small groups, waiting for the appearance of the Prince. Weary and hungry, János finally returns home when Tünde Eszter arrives, threatening to move back in with György, her estranged husband, if János does not convince him to use his influence to help her start her 'clean town movement'. As the brooding threat of public disorder increases, the gathered mob mobilise and embark on a night of rioting, arson and violence, with a savage attack on the hospital resulting in the arrival of the military with tanks to restore order. János is told that it is no longer safe for him to remain in the town and he attempts his escape from the chaos which now surrounds him.

With this surreal and quite extraordinary feature, Hungarian auteur Béla Tarr finally gained international recognition as one of the most distinctive and visionary of contemporary filmmakers. Although many have seen this film as an allegory for the failure of East European Communism, for the evolution and propagation of corrupted "pure" ideas that are based on flawed premises, the director maintains that he has never made a political film. This work is much more a commentary on human nature and society's following a false path in an attempt to achieve harmony, enlightenment and existential purpose. A hypnotic, challenging and utterly compelling masterpiece also featuring a beautiful score by composer Mihály Víg.

Times & Winds

Beş Vakit
a film by Reha Erdem

Set in a remote village in a beautiful mountainous region of north-eastern Turkey, the story follows the lives of three friends on the verge of adolescence. Struggling variously with deeply felt familial rage and responsibilities, burgeoning sexuality and guilt-ridden desire, the children find themselves detached from the customs and traditions of their community and consumed by the ennui of daily village life.

Within their small, poor mountain village overlooking the sea, the people endure the harshness of nature on a day-to-day survival basis. They diligently earn their living out of the earth and from the few animals they keep. Just like the animals and trees around them, they have the knowledge of a temporary existence, and are resigned to their fate. Their lives, like those of their ancestors, follow the rhythms of the earth, air and water, of day and night and the seasons, with days divided into five parts by the call to prayer. Every day, human existence is experienced through these five time periods.

Rigidly adhering to time-honoured methods, children are raised by a practice their parents have experienced from their own upbringing. They express their love awkwardly and consider beating to be a favourable method of showing love and dispensing guidance. Childhood is difficult and a father typically has a preference for one son over the other, whilst mothers command their daughters ruthlessly. The children study in the village school consisting of only one classroom, and families express their gratitude to the teacher by giving her gifts – the bread they bake themselves, the milk of their own sheep.

Ömer, Yakup and Yıldız are three children of 12 or 13 years of age, just between childhood and adolescence. As membership of the adult world becomes imminent, an awful truth dawns for them about their status. All three earn the displeasure and disappointment of their elders and in turn become disillusioned and resentful.

Ömer is the son of the imam, who ceaselessly humiliates him by praising his younger brother and making no secret that he loves him more. Ömer conceives a passionate hatred of his father and wishes for his death. But when his wish is not granted he begins to look for ways to kill his father as a twelve-year-old boy might, sharing his guilty thoughts with his friend Yakup. Yakup is a sensitive boy who nurtures a hopeless crush on the young schoolteacher but he hides his guilty feelings even from his best friend Ömer. When one day he sees his father spying on the teacher, he dreams, like Ömer, of killing his father. Yıldız is a bright, studious girl who also does her best to manage the household responsibilities imposed on her by her mother. She attempts to be a mother for her baby brother but learns with trepidation about the secrets of the relationship between men and women, and what the general duties of womanhood are going to be.

The sensitivity of the children's reflections of their parents' maladaptive behaviour creates a bond that sustains their daily trials. Five times elapse – as the three children grow up they oscillate between rage and guilt, love and enmity.

Beş Vakit (Five Times) is a hypnotic and beautifully observed portrait of a rural society, disaffected youth and the loss of innocence. A contemplative coming-of-age story with an enigmatic, dream-like quality, poignantly reflecting on the way life's mistakes are forever repeated through the generations. Florent Herry's cinematography is exquisite and the director's use of the haunting music of Arvo Pärt perfectly expresses the underlying emotional theme of the film.

Sátántangó

A film by Béla Tarr

The epic rendering of László Krasznahorkai's novel about the decline of Communism in Eastern Europe. Set in a struggling Hungarian agricultural collective in the 1980s, a group of lost souls reeling from the collapse of their Communist utopia face an uncertain future, until the arrival of a charismatic stranger in whom they believe lies their salvation. Within their small dilapidated village the collective's individual experiences and fates are gradually revealed to us and we follow the events in their lives over the course of one day. Their stories are told separately and from the perspective of each individual but with some of the events overlapping, which are seen again in the context of the particular perspective.

Life for the inhabitants of this rural community has come to a virtual standstill. The autumn rains have begun and the villagers are waiting, expecting to receive a large cash payment that evening, after which they plan to leave. But some want to abscond earlier with more than their fair share of the money. However, they hear that the smooth-talking Irimiás, whom they thought had died, is coming back and they are apprehensive that he will take all their money in one of his grandiose schemes to keep the community going.

First we meet Futaki, who whilst having an affair with Mrs Schmidt discovers that her husband is planning to make off with the money that eight villagers have come into through one of Irimiás's schemes. Then we see Irimiás and Petrina who are trying to evade trouble with the law. Next we follow the overweight and frail Doctor who observes and documents the actions of the villagers, recording everything he experiences in his journals. The fourth story involves Estike, a young girl who, ignored by her mother and cheated by her brother, tortures and kills a cat and then commits suicide – a tragedy which will later be exploited by Irimiás. The fifth gathers all the pertinent villagers together in the village bar, drinking and dancing Satan's Tango until they fall into a drunken stupor.

We then follow the villagers as they make their exodus, journeying on foot through the night to the abandoned manor house where Irimiás has told them they will begin a new and successful life. Having left everything behind they could not carry and having given him all their money, they place their implicit trust in him with little real idea of what his plans for them are. But soon they find themselves unable to ignore the doubts they have about Irimiás's great scheme and we begin to see what lies behind his clever deception – and understand the fate that awaits them all.

A dark portrayal of human nature, forlorn desolation and false hope. The film's compelling images of bleakness and despair are a unique, visionary and entirely captivating experience, perfectly accompanied by composer Mihály Víg's haunting and hypnotic musical score.

The Man From London

A Londoni férfi
a film by Béla Tarr based on the novel L'homme de Londres by Georges Simenon.

Maloin leads a simple, humdrum life with no prospects, working as a night signalman at a railway station situated by a ferry harbour. He barely notices the outside world, accepting the slow and inevitable deterioration of life around him and his all but complete loneliness. His life takes a sudden turn, however, when he becomes a witness to a murder and is forced to confront issues of morality, sin, punishment and the line between innocence and complicity in a crime. This state of scepsis leads him to the ontological question of the meaning and worth of existence.

One night, from inside his control tower, Maloin is watching the arrival of the last ferry. On the bow of the ship before him two passengers are in conversation and a suitcase is passed between them. Joining the line of disembarking passengers, one of the two men, after passing through the customs check, walks around the dock and stands at the edge of the quay. The other passenger who has been waiting on the deck of the ship then throws a suitcase towards the man on the shore. The man on the shore picks up the suitcase and retreats into the shadows. Some minutes later Maloin hears raised voices and looking out from his window sees the man with the suitcase has now been confronted by the other man. The quarrel develops into a fight in which one of them is struck, and falling from the quay into the water still clutching the suitcase, his body sinks. The other man, unable to retrieve the lost suitcase then walks away from the scene and enters a nearby hotel.

Astonished at what he has just witnessed, Maloin then climbs down from his tower with a boat-hook, and realising there is little he can do for the victim, retrieves the suitcase from the water. Taking the case back to his control room, he opens it to find it is packed full with bank notes. Incredulous, he slowly he takes the notes out of the suitcase, placing them on the top of his stove to dry. At the end of his shift, Maloin returns home to his wife, Camélia, saying nothing to anyone about the events of the night, or the money. But his innocent, if opportunist actions will begin a course of events in his life bringing guilt and fear from which he is unable to extricate himself.

Exploring themes of desire, greed and man's indestructible longing for freedom and happiness, the film is an examination of illusions never to be realised – the things that give us the energy to continue living and to question our own existence. Its austere minimalism and the symbolism used allows us to contemplate and empathise with the motivations and emotions of the characters more deeply. Its major strength is its visuals – the stunning noir imagery, with chiaroscuro deep-shadows lighting and oblique angles, evoking an intense sense of dread. The camera work is slow, fluid and dynamic, with long takes following the characters wherever they go, creating a mood of ever-growing suspense and menace. With the sparse dialogue throughout, we instead experience a heightened awareness of the environmental sounds which accompany the monochromatic imagery, many with sharply intrusive staccato rhythms which build on our sense of unease. A compelling, hypnotic and visually intensive film with a hauntingly beautiful score by Mihály Víg.

The Wind Will Carry Us

Bad ma ra khahad bord
a film by Abbas Kiarostami

Three men journey from Tehran to a tiny, remote village in Iranian Kurdistan. Assumed by the locals, with whom they form an ambivalent relationship, to be archaeologists or telecom engineers, the visitors' behaviour and keen interest in the health of an ailing old woman appear strange and their true motives are shrouded in mystery. They have journeyed there for the funeral of the ancient matriarch who then confounds their expectations by not dying.

The film narrowly revolves around the Engineer, the leader of the three men, relating everything to his solitary universe at the same time as encompassing the full scope of a world independent of him. Out of time and place, he is forced to wait, idle and deprived of most of his customary modern distractions, while his anxiety, emptiness, and his unease constantly surface. But gradually as his resistance lessens, he is tugged by and eventually succumbs to the slow, natural rhythms of life around him.

Haunting and visually stunning, minimalist and panoramic, it is an absorbing, abstract meditation on life and death and the divisions between tradition and modernity. Unhurried, and yet perfectly paced, the film captures one of the most beautiful landscapes in the world.

The Banishment

Izgnanie
a film by Andrey Zvyagintsev

The story takes place in an unspecified time and country, set partly in an old, neglected and isolated rural house, and partly in an austere, heavily industrialised city. Alex and Mark are two brothers sharing a mutual respect and understanding, even if there seems no outward expression of affection between them. They appear also to share a background with a sense of criminality. When Mark arrives at Alex's house in the middle of the night after being shot, and refusing to see a doctor, Alex agrees to remove the bullet from his arm, asking no questions.

Alex and his wife Vera then leave the city with their children to spend a few weeks in the remote but seemingly idyllic country house belonging to his late father, where he and Mark spent their childhood. But the tranquillity is broken one day when Vera makes the shocking confession that she is pregnant and that the child is not his. Alex is completely stunned and withdraws into himself. Unable to communicate with Vera, despite her attempts at an explanation, he refuses to listen. He insists that they keep up appearances for the sake of the children, but when their friends visit one day with their family, it becomes clear to them that something is deeply wrong.

Alex's son Kir reveals that his father's friend Robert was at their house one day while he was away for two months working, and Alex concludes that Robert is the baby's father. At a complete loss as to what he should do, Alex turns to his brother Mark for help. Mark's own marriage ended years before and he has since overcome the loss of his children by simply pretending they do not exist. Mark tells Alex that whatever his decision is, it will be right, and Alex finally decides that Vera's pregnancy must be terminated. Mark gives Alex some money and also tells him about a gun he left behind in a drawer of the dresser in the house.

When Alex eventually begins to speak to Vera, it is to inform her of his decision, offering her no choice or possibility of further discussion. He tells her that once it is done their lives can return to normal. While Vera is shocked by his callous and selfish approach, she accepts his decision. Alex believes that the moral responsibility rests with him, giving him the authority to make such a decision alone. But having done so, he then withdraws into an even greater isolation from the immediate situation, leaving all the practical arrangements to Mark.

The children are invited to stay overnight with the family friends. Mark finds two abortionists who come to the house where they perform the operation and leave Vera resting in bed. But beginning to have serious doubts about what he has done, Alex then becomes worried about Vera. Mark at first tries to reassure him that she will be fine, until he realises that she has fallen into a coma, when he calls a doctor friend for assistance. After examining her the doctor tells Mark that Vera is dead. When Alex realises what has happened he is filled with remorse, seeing the tragic outcome of his action over the pregnancy, which already seems insignificant compared with the loss he now faces.

Mark quickly makes the arrangements for Vera's funeral so that the abortion can be covered up to avoid any incriminations or local gossip. But after their return to the house he suffers a heart attack and is forbidden by the doctor to leave his bed. The doctor then tells Mark that Vera had died not as a result of the abortion but from a massive dose of opiates she had taken intentionally to kill herself and he gives Mark a letter she had written on the back of a pregnancy test result. Mark reads the letter but decides to keep this revelation from Alex.

Despite the doctor's warning, Mark attends Vera's funeral but as a result, dies on the journey home from the church. Alex returns alone to the city, taking with him the gun from the dresser. He drives to Robert's house intending to kill him, but finding no one at home, falls asleep in the car until Robert returns when he invites Alex indoors. As Alex retrieves the gun from the glove box of the car, he discovers the envelope, placed there by Mark, containing the results of Vera's pregnancy test with her letter written on the back.

The film then cuts seamlessly to a flashback of the time Robert came to Alex's home while he was away working. It is revealed that the day before, Vera had attempted to commit suicide by overdosing but had been saved by Robert. The following day, Vera received the letter confirming her pregnancy and had confided this to Robert, also revealing that she had not had an affair with him and that the baby was in fact Alex's. Vera had tried to explain to Robert how Alex only loved her and the children for himself, like possessions. She was scared that if it were to continue that way, everything would die, and she did not want to give birth to the dying. Alex is left with this knowledge and that Vera had chosen instead to take her own life.

Exploring the isolation of individuals and the tragic consequences of their failure to make emotional contact, the tale is a stark, grave allegory of masculine pride, morality and betrayal. Biblical references abound, but with a greater significance and poignancy than we are perhaps aware of initially – as with the child's bedtime reading from I Corinthians 13, whilst Vera is dying alone, unable to endure a life in which love and hope are entirely absent. The cinematography is outstanding, with a stunning use of colour and texture, every shot lit and framed to breathtaking perfection. The almost predatory camera continually moves and pans, following the characters' every thought, exposing their deepest secrets. The hauntingly powerful soundtrack, which includes the music of Andrey Dergatchev and Arvo Pärt, accentuates the film's sense of impending tragedy, drawing us ever deeper in our entrancement.

The Return

Vozvrashcheniye
a film by Andrey Zvyagintsev

The story of two young brothers, Andrey and Vanya, who live with their mother and grandmother in a small coastal town in northern Russia. The pair have an especially close bond, compensating in their own way for a childhood spent growing up without a father. One day, running home after a fight with neighbourhood kids, the boys are shocked to discover their father has returned after a twelve year absence. The following day, with their mother's uneasy blessing, Andrey and Vanya set out on what they believe will be a fishing holiday with this enigmatic stranger.

Andrey, the elder brother, is desperate for a father figure in his life, openly seeking his father's approval at all times and accepting of his unpredictable, dominating and often dangerous tendencies. Vanya however is rebellious, seething with barely disguised rage at the man who now presumes to enter their lives and assert his authority, the younger son resists and defies his father at every opportunity.

Throughout their week spent together, the mood is ominous and the father's motives remain unclear. The mystery surrounding his history and the underlying purpose of their journey to a remote island is never explained to Andrey and Vanya. Their father has some nefarious business to conclude involving the retrieval of a buried strong box from a ruined building within the island's interior, although this is of no significance to the children. But as their suppressed emotions begin to rise to the surface, the story reaches a shocking and unexpected conclusion leaving the two brothers in a situation which, to some extent, their journey has prepared them for.

In his outstanding and beautifully captured first feature, Andrey Zvyagintsev explores the complex bonds between a father and his two sons under intense pressures and in unusual circumstances. A multi-layered tale of love and trust, estrangement and betrayal, on the uncharted and often painful journey into adulthood.

Beautiful Kate

A film by Rachel Ward

Set in a forbidding landscape on a homestead in the majestic Flinders Ranges in remote South Australia, it is the story of writer Ned Kendall, his relationship as a teenager with his twin sister Kate, and the emotional aftermath of a series of tragic events which unfold when he is sixteen.

Told in parallel narratives of past and present, the story follows the adult Ned's return to the family home after an absence of twenty years at the request of his dying father, Bruce. He hasn't seen his estranged father since he left home following Kate's tragic death in a car accident and the subsequent suicide of his brother, Cliff. Ned starts to recall memories of his beautiful twin sister and himself when they were children which awaken long-buried secrets from the family's past.

Ned is accompanied by his young fiancée Toni, who knows nothing about his family and is surprised to learn of the existence of his twin. When Toni stumbles on Ned's teen diary, which recounts the three siblings' struggles growing up in isolation, she is astonished by the revelations and flees back to the city, leaving father and son alone together. Under the watchful eye of the vast, imposing mountains past events become clearer to Ned and he realises, almost too late, that he has wrongly held his father responsible for what happened all those years ago. With the help of younger sister Sally, Ned sees the truth for the first time and is finally able to let go of his beloved twin sister and begin the emotional journey of reconciliation with his estranged father.

Rachel Ward's directorial debut is an evocative, haunting and confrontational gothic drama of family conflict, taboo relationships and unresolved guilt.

Les biches

A film by Claude Chabrol

Frédérique is a rich and glamourous woman who, on a whim picks up Why, a young and impoverished Parisian girl who makes a living as a pavement artist drawing pictures of does. She promptly seduces Why and whisks her away to a new life of luxuriant bohemia in Saint-Tropez. At first a little hesitant, Why then quickly assumes the role of Frédérique's protegée and lover, despite being really little more than an object for the older woman's frivolous amusement.

It is December and Saint-Tropez is empty. When the young architect, Paul Thomas, comes to a party at Frédérique's lavish villa he has eyes only for Why. She in turn is enticed by his attention and the two wander out for a walk, eventually spending the night together at Paul's house. Frédérique however, has dispatched Robèque and Riais, an eccentric gay couple staying at her home, to follow the pair and report back to her. When Frédérique learns of the events of their night together, she appears amused by the development but is already plotting a counter-attack in the callous game she plays.

Frédérique goes to meet Paul where he is working and confronts him about Why. He is dismissive of the affair, attempting to demonstrate that he has no wish to take Why from her. Frédérique however, seduces Paul and when they return to her house it is clear to Why what Frédérique has done, and that the game has moved on. Knowing that her very existence in Frédérique's world now hangs by a thread, Why has to accept her new status as she quietly awaits the chance to regain Paul's affection. As a rather awkward and volatile ménage-à-trois results, Frédérique, malicious and all-conquering, ensures that Why's hopes of sharing Paul as a lover are dashed at every opportunity.

As Why spends more time alone, she begins to adopt the persona of Frédérique, dressing in her clothes and jewellery, using make-up to take on her appearance, and by impersonating her voice. But when Paul encounters Why, dressed and made up to look, extremely convincingly, like a younger version of Frédérique, Paul is shocked and fails to respond in the intended way.

Frédérique and Paul then leave for Paris and although she is told she can stay at the villa alone, Why knows that her relationship with both of them has come to an end. There is only one course of action left to her, and the voices in her head tell her exactly what she must do.

A tense, suspenseful and hypnotic character study exploring a theme of jealousy and obsession.

One Deadly Summer

L'été meurtrier
a film by Jean Becker

Eliane Wieck, an attractive and extremely provocative nineteen-year-old, returns to her Provençal village home with her crippled father, Gabriel Devigne, and German mother, Paula. The normally sleepy village is jolted by her arrival, especially the menfolk who are mesmerised by her looks, and Elle is not shy of all the attention. But gradually her true personality and purpose emerges.

As a nine-year-old child Elle had learned by accident that her beloved father, for whom she had a very deep and close affection, was not her real father. She also discovered that her mother had been the victim of a brutal rape by three men, which subsequently led to her birth. The secret, severely traumatising her and making her suspicious about the nature of the love of her adopted father, led her to attack him when she was fourteen, beating him repeatedly about the head and leaving him paraplegic. Immediately afterwards, she became remorseful and even more affected, but since that time her entire existence has become an obsession with vengeance, with the belief that once accomplished, she will recover the love and affection from and for her father, and everything in her life will be put right.

Fiorimonto Montecciari, known as Pin Pon, is a decent and simple man, his family are proud of their Italian descent. In their barn stands the barrel organ which played "Roses de Picardie" during the rape, and this Italian organ-grinder's instrument becomes, for Elle, the symbol of her sense of injustice. She schemes to entrap Pin Pon into marrying her, in order to get close to the heart of his family. But it quickly becomes clear that Elle is mentally unstable. Her behaviour in a restaurant embarrasses Pin Pon, with her outbursts and tears, and her relationship with her mother is difficult and quasi-sexual. At times she regresses into a child-like vulnerability, and at others she is wantonly malicious and unruly. A master manipulator, Elle manages to turn friend against friend and brother against brother, until her dark secret is discovered. But finally, when the truth of what subsequently happened is revealed to her by her father, it results in the most unexpected and violent conclusion.

At first appearing to be a light romantic comedy, this very unusual film develops into a disturbing and compelling, complex psychological thriller.

Katyń

A film by Andrzej Wajda

The Katyń massacre was a mass murder of thousands of Polish military officers, policemen, intellectuals and civilian prisoners of war by the Soviet NKVD during World War II.

On 17 September 1939, on the strength of the agreements included in the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, the Red Army crossed the Polish eastern border. By the end of the month all Polish eastern provinces had been occupied and nearly 18,000 officers, 230,000 soldiers, and about 12,000 police officers had been taken prisoner. Among the POWs were officers of all ranks and a dozen generals. A majority of the POWs were officers of the reserve, most of whom came from the Polish intelligentsia, and also military chaplains of different denominations. By the end of October the detained officers had been imprisoned in the camps of Kosielsk, Starobielsk, and Ostashkovo. An official document, based on Beria's proposal to execute all members of the Polish Officer Corps, was approved by the entire Politburo on 5 March 1940. An estimated 22,000 Polish prisoners were murdered in the spring of 1940 in the NKVD centres in the Katyń Forest, Tver, and Kharkov.

The German army moving east discovered the Katyń graves in April 1943. The USSR authorities denied the German charges about committing the crime on Polish POWs, declaring that the murder had been committed in 1941 by the Germans. The Western Allies had an implicit, if unwilling, hand in the ensuing cover-up in their endeavour not to antagonise a then ally, the Soviet Union. Throughout the existence of the People's Republic of Poland, the truth about the Katyń crime was decisively and unscrupulously falsified. The subject of Katyń was off limits and the advocates of the truth were persecuted and severely punished. Families of the murdered could not even light candles on the symbolic graves of their kinsmen. Only as recently as 1989 has the truth of Katyń emerged, with the USSR authorities admitting for the first time in 1990 that the crime was committed by the Soviet NKVD.

The film takes the perspective of women caught up in the atrocity and its aftermath, who, unaware of the crime, were still waiting for their husbands, fathers, sons, and brothers to return. It is a film about the continuing struggle over history and memory, and an uncompromising exploration of the cover-up of the massacre that prevented the Polish people from commemorating those who had been killed.

Pandora's Box

A film by Yeşim Ustaoğlu

Two sisters and a brother live in the centre of contemporary İstanbul. They are in their thirties and forties, and lead very different lives, self-centred with their upper middle class preoccupations. One day, a phone call brings them together on a voyage through Turkey's suburbs and villages to the small town in the Black Sea mountains where they were born. Their ageing mother, Nusret, has disappeared. As the siblings start reminiscing about her, the tensions between them quickly become apparent, like a Pandora's box which is spilled open, scattering all the unresolved disputes, and opening up old wounds again.

When they find their mother and bring her to İstanbul they soon understand that she is suffering from Alzheimer's disease and the confrontation with Nusret's condition makes them realise how poor their own lives are. It is only Nesrin's rebellious son Murat who empathises with Nusret, sneaking her out of the institution where her daughters have committed her, and leading his grandmother back to her home in the mountains to which she is desperate to return.

The story begins with everyday life in central İstanbul, a city in which the very modern and the very traditional are completely intertwined. It then continues as the journey of three people to the western part of the Black Sea region, characterised by coal mining and a working class way of life. This journey becomes an inner journey where each of the three siblings must confront the conflicts, long buried in their subconscious, and accept the reality of themselves.

The dramatic structure of the story delves into the inner worlds of the individuals and is reinforced by the landscape images that pass by them, mirroring their psychological states. As the images of their journey in the external world begin to change from the large metropolitan city to the desolate country landscapes, with details of ordinary but innocent smaller lives in the countryside, it is these details that lead the characters to unravel the problems that they have always tried to cover up.

Yeşim Ustaoğlu, the director of Pandora'nın Kutusu, describes her award-winning feature as a story of alienation and isolation. It is a story of individuals whose lives have been shaped by a sterile, middle class morality, a story that many people touched by the inevitable combination of capitalism and modernity can identify with. It is a kind of human landscape, both universal and singular at the same time.

The Spirit of the Beehive

El espíritu de la colmena
a film by Víctor Erice

Hailed as an audacious critique of the disastrous legacy of the Spanish Civil War, the film is set in a rural 1940s Spanish village haunted by betrayal and regret.

Ana, a sensitive seven-year-old girl and her sister Isabel, go to watch a travelling cinema's screening of James Whale's Frankenstein. Ana becomes fascinated by Boris Karloff's monster, an experience that forever alters her perception of the world around her, and her ability to mold reality to her own imaginative purposes. Profoundly disturbed by the scenes in which the monster murders the little girl and is later killed himself by the villagers, Ana questions Isabel about the profundities of life and death. She believes her older sibling when Isabel tells her that the monster is not dead, but exists as a spirit inhabiting a nearby abandoned barn, adding that the spirit can be contacted at any time by closing her eyes and calling "I'm Ana". Isabel takes Ana to the barn after school, making her wait outside while she explores inside the building. Amused and intrigued by Ana's naivety, Isabel then teases her sister by feigning death, suggesting a likeness to the fate of the little girl in the film, but Ana feeling betrayed, retreats into herself.

While her emotionally exhausted parents go about their mundane daily affairs, having little impact on Ana's internal world, she becomes obsessed with meeting the initially gentle monster and visits the barn alone several times after school to seek him. One night she finds the courage to summon the monster, and going out into the moonlight, she closes her eyes and calls to him. As she does so, a fugitive republican soldier leaps from a passing train and limps across the fields to hide in the abandoned barn. The next day Ana encounters the fugitive there. For her, he is the spirit of the monster who has answered her summons and she accepts his presence without question, returning with food and clothing for him from the house.

The fugitive is then found by the civil guard and shot dead, his body taken to the village. The clothes he was wearing and a pocket watch he carried are identified as being the property of Ana's father. When she again returns to the barn, Ana finds that her monster is no longer there, only the blood from his gunshot wounds remains. Her father, sensing Ana's involvement in the mystery of his clothes and watch, has followed her to the barn, but as he approaches she runs from him across the fields. Later that night when she has not returned, search parties begin to scour the local countryside, eventually finding her asleep beside the walls of a ruined building. Whilst she is roaming in the woods alone, we see a dream-like evocation of Ana's meeting with Frankenstein's monster in which she has become the little girl in the film, and we conclude that for her, the monster continues to exist.

During the period that follows, Ana, still traumatised and confined to bed, ignores the presence of her family and does not speak. The doctor tries to reassure her mother that she will in time forget her experiences and will recover completely. Later, in the night when alone, Ana rises from her bed and standing before the open window, facing the moonlit night outside, she closes her eyes and calls to the spirit, "I'm Ana. I'm Ana".

Made under the Franco regime, this astonishing feature debut from 1973 is one of the most remarkable, influential and purely poignant films to emerge from the 1970s. An enigmatic yet totally captivating study of childhood unfettered by the strictures of reason. Existing in a highly evocative dream-like state, it is a powerfully symbolic, richly allegorical tale, a timeless masterpiece that is as unique as it is beautiful.

Solas

A film by Benito Zambrano

Unable to tolerate her father's abusive and authoritarian ways, María has fled from her parents' home in rural Andalusía to Sevilla. There she finds an apartment in a rundown part of the city and a demoralising job as a cleaner. Her life now brings only frustration and bitterness and she turns to drink for solace. María's situation worsens when she discovers that she is pregnant and the father of the child, her truck driver boyfriend, refuses to take responsibility, apart from casually offering to pay the expenses of an abortion.

When her father goes into hospital in Sevilla for an operation, Rosa, her mother comes to stay with her. Attempting to care for María and to brighten her life a little, Rosa finds her daughter bitter and distant, refusing all offers of help from her mother who has to spend her days alone in the city. Rosa then encounters one of María's neighbours, an elderly widower named Vecino, whose only companion is his German shepherd, Achilles. A touching and respectful friendship slowly develops between these two as they continue to meet each other. María's mother's desire to help the old and lonely man, and the gratitude he shows her in return, is contrasted with the cold detachment of her daughter, and the contempt shown by her husband during her daily visits to the hospital. But Rosa has grown used to their ways and accepts them as a part of the life she has chosen. Vecino begins to nurture a deep affection for Rosa, and she responds by showing him friendship but maintaining an appropriate distance between them. As he quietly engages Rosa's attention and help, intentionally and unintentionally, she passively endures both her husband's abusiveness and her daughter's intolerance.

Gradually, María realises that behind her mother's passivity is a strength and compassion which is absent in herself. She begins to understand that what is missing in her life is perhaps a result of her self-imposed emotional isolation. Her father is then discharged from hospital after his operation and her parents return to their country home, leaving both María and Vecino to themselves once more. Following Rosa's departure, during a revelatory evening spent with Vecino, María realises how much she wants a life with her child, and in a completely unexpected development we learn how this is accomplished.

An outstanding, touching portrayal of loneliness and redemption, with a deep sense of serenity and clarity amid boiling human emotion, and the most uplifting, if heart-wrenching, conclusion.

Historias mínimas

A film by Carlos Sorín

A touching, yet unsentimental, and quietly profound road movie which follows the lives of three disparate travellers heading for the Argentine provincial town of Puerto San Julián. Roberto is a travelling salesman hoping to impress a young widow with a gift for her child. Don Justo is an old man with poor vision who sits in front of his grocery store entertaining passing children by wiggling his ears. María is a shy young mother who has won an appearance on a TV game show. Gently probing the hopes and aspirations of the characters, the film uses the interconnected tripartite structure to offer astute observations on a culture relatively unscathed by modernity in contemporary Argentina.

Don Justo is told that his lost dog, Badface, has been seen at the highway patrol station on the outskirts of San Julián and after much deliberation the old man decides to hitchhike the 300 kilometres from Fitz Roy to seek forgiveness and bring him back. A fellow traveller on the road is Roberto, a lonely and obsessive salesman who is in love with a young widow. He has had a cake baked in the shape of a football as a surprise for her child's birthday, but then suffers agonising doubt as to whether his perfect gift is actually appropriate. María, an impoverished young mother, receives news that she has been selected as a contestant on a television show where the grand prize is a top of the range food processor. As each character journeys to their destination in pursuit of a dream, they are helped by complete strangers whose kindness makes the task possible, but who ask for nothing in return. In the end, the three will get more or less what they set out for, but it will come to them in ways that they never expected.

This subtle and insightful study of the warmth and goodness of the human spirit is set amid the beautiful, barren landscapes of Argentine Patagonia.

Machuca

A film by Andrés Wood

Set in Santiago, Chile in 1973 when General Augusto Pinochet's military coup seized power from President Salvador Allende's democratically elected socialist government. The film follows the unexpected friendship of two 11-year-old boys who meet when an idealistic priest, Father McEnroe, begins a trial of social integration by admitting children from poor families to an elite private school. As the two boys learn about each other's very different worlds, a strong bond develops between them.

Gonzalo Infante is a shy and quiet boy from a privileged, middle class family living in a comfortable, bourgeois neighbourhood where his security is unquestioned, even though he is aware of his mother María's long-standing affair with a wealthy Argentinean businessman. Pedro Machuca comes from a poverty-stricken low class family in a nearby illegal shantytown, insanitary and overcrowded, where people live without even hope for a better future. The inclusion of the marginal students causes unrest at the school. Fights break out between boys of the two economic classes and parents call a meeting to voice their opposition to the "communist" priest. During one of these scuffles, Gonzalo protects Pedro from the bullies, suffering the most injury as a result, and later he visits Pedro in his home.

Gonzalo accepts his status without feeling superior and is willing to share his personal possessions without question, though Pedro's family continue to refer to him as "the snob". Pedro's seductive young cousin Silvana introduces both boys to her feminine charms which serves only to strengthen the bond for the innocent and impressionable Gonzalo. Together they attend political rallies in order to make a little money, selling Chilean flags to both the Nationalists and the Communists. But as emotions begin to escalate and street fights break out between far-left and far-right militants, the political unrest inexorably encroaches into their lives and the boys' friendship is shaken to the core.

This outstanding, semi-autobiographical and vividly realised drama was the first Chilean film to deal with this tumultuous time in the country's history.

XXY

A film by Lucía Puenzo

The chromosomal abnormality of XXY, known as hermaphroditism or intersexuality, results in a child born with both male and female reproductive organs. When detected at birth the condition usually results in a decision between physicians and parents to surgically alter the body to become one or the other phenotypic assignment – male or female. This remarkably subtle and intelligent film is a story of the understanding and acceptance of a diagnosis by both child and parents, and the interaction and conflicts such a gender variation can present.

Alex is a 15-year-old intersex from Buenos Aires. At birth her parents, marine biologist Kraken and his wife Suli, decided against having her operated on, in order that she would later be able to choose her gender herself. However, she was given female hormone supplements and has been raised as a girl. They are loving parents and have moved several times before settling in a remote area of Uruguay in order to protect her from the exposure and ridicule she previously suffered while living in Argentina. Alex's mother clearly wants her to be a girl, but her father has always maintained she should make the choice herself, and he is willing to accept whatever she decides. Alex is now beginning to discover herself and her preferences. She has many feelings, and she wants to express them.

In deep conflict about her situation, Alex refuses to take her medications, wanting to explore both aspects of her sexuality, as her physiology dictates. Given the chance to choose what to be, she will choose not to change, even against her parents' assumptions that she would want to be a girl. When Alex's mother invites her friend Erika and her surgeon husband Ramiro to their home to advise them on the surgical alternatives, they are accompanied by their shy, artistic son Álvaro who knows nothing of Alex's condition and has some sexual issues of his own. There is an immediate emotional attraction between Alex and Álvaro which will ultimately result in a crisis in the transition from adolescence to adulthood and self-acceptance for both these young people.

In her award-winning first feature, Lucía Puenzo explores the individual's self-discovery and our acceptance of their identity. She delivers a unique and sensitive depiction of the ambiguity of sexual awakening where the choices made will define what we are beyond the physical aspects. She also proclaims the right of being different, and to have the freedom to make those choices. Above all, she contends that a person with such a physical identity should not only be respected but can also be desired.

Sonbahar

A film by Özcan Alper

Yusuf, a Turkish political prisoner who was sentenced to jail in 1997 as a university student aged 22, is released on health grounds ten years later. Having lost the best years of his life, he returns to his childhood home in a mountain village in the eastern Black Sea region. Yusuf is welcomed only by his sick and elderly mother, his father having died while he was in jail and his older sister having married and moved away to the city. Economic factors mean that the village is now populated almost exclusively by old people, the only person of his own age that Yusuf finds is his childhood friend Mikail.

As autumn slowly gives way to winter, Yusuf goes with Mikail to a tavern where he meets Eka, a beautiful young Georgian girl who earns a living by prostitution. But neither the timing nor the circumstances are right for these two people from different worlds to be together – love becomes a final desperate attempt to grasp life and elude loneliness, for Yusuf at least. For Eka, Yusuf is something like a character from the pages of a Russian novel – a character who inhabits a faraway world and a faraway time. Their relationship explores and compares the dreams, frustrations and the pains of two people, one of whom has spent ten years of his life in prison because of his socialist ideology, and the other who suffers from the after-effects of that same ideology.

The film also provides a cultural glimpse into the simple life of the people living in this region of the Black Sea. In the mountain village time seems to stand still, or at least to advance very slowly, and this impression skilfully contrasts the destiny of Yusuf, who having been released from prison due to severe illness, has returned to his home to die. But although Yusuf is trying to come to terms with himself, he does not seem to belong in this external world where people have problems other than politics.

With its strikingly powerful images and hypnotic musical soundtrack, Autumn is a slow-paced, minimalist and deeply moving drama exploring recent Turkish political history, the loss of idealism, and the personal perspectives of time and place.

Au revoir les enfants

A film by Louis Malle

Set in a rural Catholic boarding school during the Nazi occupation of France, the film charts the friendship between Julien and new boy Jean. But Julien is soon burdened with a dangerous secret, that Jean is a Jew who is being hidden from the Nazis by the friars who run the school. This award winning film is based on events from the director's own childhood during World War II.

At the end of the Christmas holidays in 1943, Julien Quentin, the son of a wealthy family, reluctantly returns to the tedium of his boarding school in the French countryside. But then the headmaster, Père Jean, introduces three new pupils to the school, one of whom, Jean Bonnet, is the same age as Julien. Before Jean's arrival, Julien had been the class leader, both academically and influentially, but the new student appears to be Julien's academic and artistic superior. Whilst respectful of his classmate's abilities, Julien is naturally a little envious which leads to some rivalry between them. This however turns into healthy competition and eventually, with growing mutual respect, the two become friends.

One night in the school dormitory Julien awakes to find Jean wearing a kippah and praying in the Hebrew language. After searching Jean's locker, Julien discovers the truth about his new friend whose real name is Kippelstein. He and the other two new pupils have been granted secret asylum by Père Jean who is now hiding the children from the Nazis. During a visit by Julien's mother, Jean accompanies them to a restaurant for lunch. Two Milice officers arrive and attempt to expel an elderly and distinguished gentleman whom they identity as Jewish, but a German officer dining at a neighbouring table steps in and orders the 'collaborators' out of the establishment.

Joseph, the school's kitchen assistant, is then exposed for selling the school's food supplies on the black market and he implicates several students as accomplices, including Julien and his brother, François. Père Jean has no choice but to dismiss Joseph although he refrains from expelling the students for the sake of their parents. Following this, on a cold morning in January 1944, the school is raided by the Gestapo. As Julien's classroom is searched and the Gestapo officer asks for the identification of Jean Kippelstein, Julien unintentionally gives away Jean Bonnet by looking in his direction. The other two Jewish boys are then hunted down and Julien encounters their informant, Joseph the kitchen assistant.

As the students are lined up in the courtyard, the Gestapo officer denounces the illegal nature of Père Jean's actions, declaring that as a result the school will close. Père Jean and the three Jewish boys are led away by the officers. The children call out, "Au revoir, mon père!" and Père Jean responds, "Au revoir, les enfants! À bientôt!"

A deeply personal and tragic examination of the Holocaust, childhood friendship and accidental betrayal. Told from the perspective of a child, it captures the fearful nature of children under enormous pressure from external events they cannot comprehend.

L'appartement

A film by Gilles Mimouni

Max has at last decided to settle down and marry his current love, Muriel, the sister of his boss. He is in a jeweller's shop choosing an engagement ring for her but is unable to make a decision between three very different rings, each of which he says he likes. Just as he is about to leave Paris on a four-day business trip to Tokyo he catches a glimpse of his former love, Lisa, a beautiful girl who disappeared mysteriously from his life two years before. Discovering the door key she has left behind whilst making a telephone call, he impulsively abandons his plan to fly to Japan and finds himself pursuing her, this unexpected opportunity having awakened feelings for her that he cannot now ignore.

A meeting with his old friend Lucien who currently has difficulties in his own love-life, enables Max to confide his feelings to someone while he tries to make sense of them himself. Now obsessed with meeting Lisa, his search eventually leads him to her address and he enters the apartment to wait for her. He is then surprised to find it is a case of mistaken identity when another girl, Alice, enters the flat and emotionally distraught, attempts to throw herself from an upper-storey window. Max drags her back into the room and tries to calm her down. She tells him, however, that her name is also Lisa and that it is her apartment. Captivated by her mystery and her strange resemblance to Lisa, he is irresistibly attracted to Alice and eventually they become romantically entwined.

Still determined to meet Lisa, Max finds that she has a lover, and that her lover's wife has recently died in suspicious circumstances. Gradually, Max is drawn into the mystery, which ultimately he hopes will lead him closer to Lisa. Things however are not what they appear to be, and much of what is now happening is a result of past events which gradually become clear to us when seen in flashbacks. Central to these is the enticingly enigmatic Alice who appears to have had a history with Lisa that curiously parallels Max's own.

This convoluted, multi-layered and brilliantly constructed romance uses repeated motifs and juxtaposed images to subtly indicate the parallels, connections and interpretations in the events of the lives of these characters. Switching between time, chic cafés, beautiful Parisian apartments, and the three women in Max's life, this very stylish suspense thriller confounds us with an extraordinary and elusive mystery, with undercurrents of obsession and jealousy, as it races towards its heady and devastating conclusion.